Risto Ilmoniemi, PhD
Thursday, February 21, 2019
"FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF CLOSED-LOOP TMS AND HYBRID MEG–MRI"
Abstract:
In conventional transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the coil is moved slowly by hand or by robots. We are developing technology that allows millisecond-scale changes of TMS target location and thus closed-loop connection between a computer-controlled TMS–EEG system and the brain. With overlapping coils, we can move the location of the TMS target in arbitrarily small steps within an area of several cm in extent. This will enable studies where both the location and intensity of a pulse can be controlled by computer depending on the responses to previous pulses. In magnetoencephalography (MEG), information about human brain activity is obtained by measuring extracranial magnetic fields produced by neuronal electric currents flowing in the head. Despite the already high quality of the measurement technology, errors in signal interpretation are caused by inaccurate knowledge of the location of the MEG sensors with respect to the brain (coregistration problem) and by inaccurate knowledge of the conductivity pattern in the head. We are developing a technology where the same SQUID sensors measure both MEG and MRI in one session. This hybrid MEG–MRI technology will enable the measurement of both the structure of the head (MRI) and the electrical activity of the brain (MEG) at the same time. Reliable registration and accurate determination of individual tissue conductivities will, for the first time, allow reliable use of geometric constraints such as the requirement that source currents may reside in gray matter only.
Bio:
Professor Risto Ilmoniemi is a physicist and neuroscientist at Aalto University, Finland; he is the Head of the Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering. He has built and designed multichannel MEG instruments and invented for MEG use the minimum-norm estimate (together with Matti Hämäläinen), the signal-space projection, formulas for the forward problem, the channel-capacity measure for comparing sensor arrays, and the triangle phantom. He has developed several transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) techniques such as navigated TMS (nTMS), the combined use of TMS and EEG, and multi-locus TMS. He is founder and former CEO of Nexstim Plc, the company that brought nTMS and TMS–EEG to the market. As professor of Applied Physics since 2006, he has led the development of new technologies and methods for hybrid MEG–MRI and for TMS. He is currently also the Chair of the Biodesign Finland Program; he participates as startup coach in SPARK Finland. At Aalto University, he has lectured on classical electromagnetism, functional imaging, MEG and EEG, and human neuroanatomy and neurophysiology.
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